60 academic word families from the Coxhead Academic Word List. Social, economic, and organisational terms. Includes: access, adequate, annual, apparent, approximate, attitude, attribute.
IELTS Academic Word List
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Sublist 4 — Social & Economic Words. Social, economic, and organisational terms. Includes: access, adequate, annual, apparent, approximate, attitude, attribute.
Sufficient in quantity or quality for a particular purpose or need
The current infrastructure is not adequate to support the projected population growth.
Regard something as caused by a particular factor; a quality or feature of someone
The decline in biodiversity is largely attributed to habitat destruction.
Easily seen or understood from observable evidence or information
It is apparent from the data that literacy rates have improved significantly.
The right or opportunity to use, enter, or obtain something
Equal access to healthcare is a fundamental goal of public health policy.
Happening or done once every year, or covering a year-long period
Annual reports on student performance are used to guide curriculum revision at the department level.
Close to the exact figure but not exactly correct or precise
The model produces values that closely approximate those observed in the experimental data.
A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something
Public attitudes toward vaccination have shifted significantly following the recent media campaigns.
Relating to ordinary citizens or the affairs of a community, not military or religious
Civil society organisations play a crucial role in holding governments accountable for policy commitments.
A set of rules, conventions, or symbols used to communicate information
Interview transcripts were coded thematically by two independent researchers to ensure consistency.
Pledge or bind oneself to a particular course of action or position
The government committed to reducing carbon emissions by 40% by 2035 under the new climate accord.
Share or exchange information, news, or ideas with others
Scientists must learn to communicate complex findings in language accessible to policymakers and the public.
Direct attention, effort, or resources on one particular thing or area
Wealth tends to concentrate in urban centres, widening regional economic disparities.
Grant or bestow something formally; have a discussion together with others
Higher education qualifications confer measurable advantages in the labour market over the long term.
A striking difference between two or more things being compared
In contrast to earlier studies, the current findings suggest a non-linear relationship.
A series of events or processes that are regularly repeated in the same order
Poverty and low educational attainment can form a self-reinforcing cycle across generations.
A formal discussion in which opposing arguments are presented
Researchers continue to debate the relative contributions of nature and nurture to cognitive development.
Without being affected by; in spite of a particular fact or condition
Despite the small sample size, the findings are consistent with those of larger longitudinal studies.
An aspect or feature of a situation, problem, or thing
The study examines the cultural dimension of student motivation alongside individual and institutional factors.
Relating to the home or family, or to a country's internal affairs
Domestic violence is significantly underreported in official statistics due to barriers to disclosure.
Become known, appear, or come into view from a position of being hidden
New patterns of social inequality emerge as technology reshapes labour markets worldwide.
A mistake or inaccuracy, especially one that has unintended consequences
Measurement error was minimised through the use of standardised instruments and protocols.
Relating to a population subgroup with a common cultural or national tradition
Ethnic minority groups are disproportionately represented among those experiencing housing insecurity.
The object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result
The primary goal of the intervention was to improve self-efficacy among adolescent participants.
A sum of money given by an organisation for a specific purpose; agree to give or allow
The project was funded by a competitive research grant awarded by the national science foundation.
For this reason; therefore; as a consequence of what has just been stated
The intervention was delivered remotely; hence, face-to-face interaction was not possible.
A proposed explanation made on limited evidence as a starting point for investigation
The null hypothesis was rejected at the 0.05 significance level based on the observed F-statistic.
Put a decision, plan, or system into effect through practical action
The new curriculum was implemented across all schools in the district by the start of the academic year.
Show or suggest that someone or something is involved in an unfavourable matter
Genetic factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the condition across multiple studies.
Force a rule, tax, or unwanted situation on others
Regulatory bodies imposed stricter reporting requirements following the financial crisis.
Combine separate parts into a unified or coordinated whole
The framework integrates both quantitative and qualitative indicators of educational quality.
Existing or occurring within the limits of a place, country, or organisation
Internal validity was strengthened through random assignment of participants to experimental conditions.
Carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine facts
The study investigates the mechanisms by which parental stress affects children's academic outcomes.
A paid position of regular employment; a task or piece of work
Job insecurity is increasingly linked to poor mental health outcomes in longitudinal research.
A short word, phrase, or marker attached to identify or classify something
Applying a diagnostic label can affect teacher expectations and student self-perception.
A natural or established process by which something takes place or is brought about
The exact biological mechanism by which the drug reduces inflammation remains under investigation.
Easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or unmistakable
It is obvious from the data that the control group received a markedly different level of support.
Fill or take up a space, position, or amount of time; reside in a place
Women still occupy a disproportionately small share of senior academic positions.
A thing that is or may be chosen; the right or freedom to choose
Three treatment options were presented to participants, who then made an informed choice.
The amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
Research output in this field has grown substantially over the past decade, reflecting increased funding.
Considering everything; in general or as a whole
The overall pattern of results supports the hypothesis that early intervention is more effective.
A comparison or close similarity between things; running side by side
The researchers drew parallels between findings in this study and those from comparable work in Asia.
A measurable factor that defines a system or sets the limits of its operation
The model was fitted within clearly defined parameters to ensure comparability across sites.
A distinct period or stage in a process of change or development
The intervention was delivered in three distinct phases over a twelve-month period.
Say or estimate that a specified thing will happen or be a consequence of something
Prior academic performance was the strongest variable for predicting degree completion rates.
First in order of importance; main or chief
The principal reason for attrition was participants' inability to complete follow-up assessments.
Existing or coming before in time, order, or importance
Prior exposure to the experimental condition significantly influenced baseline scores.
Relating to or characteristic of a person engaged in a specified activity as a paid occupation
Continuing professional development is mandatory for practitioners in regulated health fields.
An individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve an aim
The model projects a 20% increase in healthcare demand over the next two decades.
Encourage or support the existence, advancement, or development of something
The programme aims to promote inclusive practices across all levels of the education system.
A government, especially an authoritarian one; an ordered way of doing or running things
Countries with authoritarian political regimes tend to show lower levels of press freedom and transparency.
Settle or find a solution to a problem, dispute, or complicated issue
The study attempts to resolve conflicting evidence about the effectiveness of online learning.
Continue to have, hold, or keep possession of something; remember information
Schools in deprived areas struggle to retain experienced teachers over the long term.
A number of events, objects, or people of a similar kind coming one after another
A series of experiments was conducted to test the generalisability of the initial findings.
A numerical fact or piece of data derived from a larger collection of figures
The key statistic reported is the odds ratio, adjusted for age and sex.
The relative social or professional standing of someone; a particular condition or state of affairs
Socioeconomic status was assessed using a composite index of income, education, and occupation.
A state of mental or emotional strain; emphasise the importance of something
The authors stress the importance of replicating these findings in more diverse population samples.
Coming after something else in time or order; following
Subsequent analysis revealed that the initial effect was moderated by participant age.
A particular amount of money; the total of two or more numbers or amounts; in conclusion
In sum, the evidence suggests that environmental factors outweigh genetic influences in this context.
A brief statement giving the main points of something
The executive summary provides a concise overview of the main findings and policy recommendations.
Commit oneself to and begin a piece of work, task, or course of action
A systematic review was undertaken to synthesise findings from all eligible studies published since 2010.
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