60 academic word families from the Coxhead Academic Word List. Specialist academic terms. Includes: accommodate, analogy, anticipate, assure, attain, behalf, bulk, cease, coherent, coincide, commence.
IELTS Academic Word List
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Sublist 9 — Specialist Academic Terms. Specialist academic terms. Includes: accommodate, analogy, anticipate, assure, attain, behalf, bulk, cease, coherent, coincide, commence.
Logical and well-organised; forming a unified and consistent whole.
A well-structured essay requires a coherent progression of ideas from paragraph to paragraph.
Begin or start something formally, especially a process or event.
Data collection will commence once ethical approval has been granted.
Provide space, resources, or arrangements to meet a particular need.
Researchers must design inclusive methodologies that accommodate the needs of participants with disabilities.
A comparison between two things to highlight their similarities.
The author draws an analogy between the spread of infectious disease and the diffusion of social norms through communities.
Expect or predict something based on signs or prior knowledge.
Policy-makers failed to anticipate the long-term consequences of deregulating the financial services sector.
Guarantee or make certain that something will happen or be true.
Rigorous validation procedures are necessary to assure the quality and reliability of the data collected.
Succeed in reaching or achieving something after effort.
Students from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to attain the qualifications needed for entry into higher education.
As a representative of someone or in their interest.
The solicitor submitted the appeal on behalf of the claimant, citing procedural irregularities in the original hearing.
The majority or largest part of something; great size or quantity.
The bulk of the empirical evidence supports the view that early intervention improves long-term educational outcomes.
Stop or bring an activity, process, or condition to an end.
Industrial operations were required to cease immediately upon detection of hazardous waste contamination.
Occur at the same time as something else; correspond or agree.
The rise in unemployment rates coincided with a sharp reduction in consumer spending and business investment.
Able to exist or work together without conflict.
The findings from the qualitative study were broadly compatible with those obtained through the survey.
Existing, happening, or done at the same time.
Concurrent administration of two treatments makes it difficult to attribute effects to either intervention independently.
Restrict something within certain limits or to a particular area.
The scope of the investigation was deliberately confined to secondary schools in urban areas to ensure methodological consistency.
Prolonged public disagreement or heated debate about something.
The publication of the study generated considerable controversy due to its implications for established clinical practice.
The opposite or reverse of something already stated.
The converse of this proposition — that reduced income leads to poorer health — is also supported by the evidence.
An object or piece of equipment made for a particular purpose.
Wearable devices capable of continuous physiological monitoring have transformed data collection in health research.
Give time, effort, or attention entirely to a particular activity or cause.
The final chapter is devoted to the policy implications of the findings and recommendations for future research.
Become less strong, smaller, or less important; cause such a reduction.
The credibility of the argument is significantly diminished when important counterevidence is overlooked.
Misrepresent the truth, or twist something out of its natural shape.
Selective reporting of results can distort the scientific literature and mislead subsequent researchers.
The length of time that something lasts or continues.
The duration of exposure to the risk factor was found to be a stronger predictor of outcomes than its intensity.
Gradually wear away or destroy something through long-term action.
Persistent underfunding has gradually eroded the capacity of public institutions to deliver essential services.
Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behaviour.
Research ethics requires that the welfare of participants takes precedence over the interests of the investigation.
The general plan, arrangement, or design of something.
The journal requires manuscripts to be submitted in a standardised format with specific guidelines for citations.
Establish or set up an organisation, especially with the help of an endowment.
The institution was founded in 1851 with an explicit mandate to promote applied scientific research.
Existing as a permanent or essential characteristic of something.
An inherent limitation of self-report measures is that responses may be influenced by social desirability bias.
A deep and accurate understanding of a person, situation, or problem.
Qualitative research can provide valuable insights into the lived experiences that underlie statistical patterns.
Necessary to make something complete; an essential part of the whole.
Community engagement is an integral part of any sustainable development initiative.
Coming between two extremes or stages; in the middle.
The study identified an intermediate stage of cognitive development not described in earlier theoretical frameworks.
Operated or done by hand rather than by machine or automatic process.
The prevalence of manual labour in the region has declined significantly following the introduction of automated machinery.
Fully developed or advanced to a stable, established state.
A mature democracy is characterised by strong institutional checks on the exercise of executive power.
Act between parties to bring agreement, or convey an effect between things.
The effect of parental education on child achievement appears to be mediated by access to educational resources at home.
A means by which something is communicated, expressed, or carried out.
The choice of medium through which information is communicated can significantly affect how it is interpreted.
Relating to the armed forces of a country, or their activities.
The transition from military rule to democratic governance presents substantial challenges to institutional development.
As little as possible in quantity, degree, or effect.
The intervention was designed to achieve maximum effect with minimal disruption to participants' daily routines.
Shared by or felt towards two or more parties; reciprocal.
The partnership is based on mutual benefit, with each institution contributing complementary expertise.
A standard, model, or pattern of behaviour regarded as typical.
Social norms governing acceptable behaviour vary significantly across cultural and institutional contexts.
A part shared by two or more things; the area where they coincide.
There is considerable conceptual overlap between the constructs of social capital and community cohesion.
Accepting things without active response or resistance; not active.
Passive observation allows researchers to gather naturalistic data without influencing participant behaviour.
A part of something larger, divided or distinguished from the whole.
A substantial portion of the research budget was allocated to fieldwork in remote and underserved communities.
Coming before something more important or definitive; introductory.
Preliminary findings suggest a significant association, but larger-scale replication studies are needed.
An agreed system of procedures or rules governing how something is done.
Strict data collection protocols were followed across all sites to ensure methodological consistency.
Relating to non-numerical properties, meanings, or descriptions rather than measurable amounts.
A qualitative approach was adopted to explore the meanings participants attached to their experiences.
Improve something by making small changes or removing imperfections.
Successive iterations of the instrument allowed researchers to refine its psychometric properties.
Become less tense or formal, or loosen a rule or restriction.
Governments may choose to relax immigration restrictions in response to acute labour shortages in key sectors.
Hold back or limit the force, influence, or action of someone or something.
Central banks use interest rate policy to restrain inflationary pressures when economic growth accelerates.
A fundamental change in conditions, ideas, or political organisation.
The digital revolution has fundamentally altered the relationship between citizens and information.
Unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible.
A rigid adherence to a single theoretical framework can prevent researchers from recognising anomalous findings.
A way taken to reach a destination, or a particular path to a goal.
Vocational training offers an important alternative route into skilled employment for those who do not pursue university education.
A possible situation or sequence of events that could happen.
The report considers three scenarios for economic growth under different assumptions about trade policy.
A particular area of activity, knowledge, or interest.
Privatisation of public services blurs the boundary between the commercial and the public sphere.
Lower in rank, importance, or position than something else.
In hierarchical organisations, the concerns of subordinate staff are often inadequately communicated to senior management.
Add something extra to make a deficiency less severe or complete the whole.
The survey data were supplemented by in-depth interviews to capture the complexity of participants' experiences.
Temporarily stop or prevent something from continuing or being in effect.
The clinical trial was suspended pending an independent safety review of the adverse events reported.
A group of people working together towards a shared goal.
The interdisciplinary research team brought together economists, sociologists, and public health specialists.
Lasting for only a limited period of time; not permanent.
Temporary contract employment has become increasingly prevalent, raising concerns about job security and worker welfare.
An event or circumstance that causes something to happen.
Financial crises are often triggered by a loss of confidence in the banking system rather than by underlying economic fundamentals.
Bring together separate parts to form a single coherent whole.
The research seeks to unify disparate theoretical perspectives into a single integrated explanatory framework.
Break or fail to comply with a rule, agreement, or formal expectation.
Covert observation without consent may violate the ethical principle of respect for participant autonomy.
The ability to think about or plan the future with imagination and wisdom.
The report sets out a long-term vision for a low-carbon economy built on innovation and social equity.
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